Cost Back Link, Connectivity and Distance Tools
Cost Back Link
How to use Cost Back Link Tool in Arc Toolbox??
 |
| Cost Back Link |
Path to access the tool
:
Cost
Back Link Tool, Distance Toolset, Spatial
Analyst Tools Toolbox
Cost Back Link
Defines the neighbor that is the next cell on the least accumulative cost path to the least-cost source.
1. Input raster or feature source data
The input source
locations.
This is a raster or
feature dataset that identifies the cells or locations from or to which the
least accumulated cost distance for every output cell location is calculated.
For rasters, the input
type can be integer or floating point.
2. Input cost raster
A raster defining the
impedance or cost to move planimetrically through each cell.
The value at each cell
location represents the cost-per-unit distance for moving through the cell.
Each cell location value is multiplied by the cell resolution while also
compensating for diagonal movement to obtain the total cost of passing through
the cell.
The values of the cost
raster can be integer or floating point, but they cannot be negative or zero
(you cannot have a negative or zero cost).
3. Output backlink raster
The output cost backlink
raster.
The backlink raster
contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next
neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path
from a cell to reach its least-cost source.
4. Maximum distance (optional)
The threshold that the
accumulative cost values cannot exceed.
If an accumulative cost
distance value exceeds this value, the output value for the cell location will
be NoData. The maximum distance is the extent for which the accumulative cost
distances are calculated.
The default distance is
to the edge of the output raster.
5. Output distance raster (optional)
The output cost distance
raster.
The cost distance raster
identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance over a cost
surface to the identified source locations.
A source can be a cell,
a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.
The output raster is of
floating-point type.
6. Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)
The multiplier to apply
to the cost values.
This allows for control
of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier,
the greater the cost to move through each cell.
The values must be greater
than zero. The default is 1.
7. Start cost (optional)
The starting cost from
which to begin the cost calculations.
Allows for the
specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting
at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start
cost.
The values must be zero
or greater. The default is 0.
8. Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)
This parameter simulates
the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost
increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing
accumulative cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and
added to the cost to move into the subsequent cell.
It is a modified version
of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost
of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it
increases the cost of the cells that are visited later. The greater the
resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell,
which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is
similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very
large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even
smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.
The values must be zero
or greater. The default is 0.
9. Capacity (optional)
The cost capacity for
the traveler for a source.
The cost calculations
continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.
The values must be
greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.
10. Travel direction (optional)
Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying the source resistance rate and the source starting cost.
- FROM_SOURCE—The source resistance rate and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the non-source cells. This is the default.
- TO_SOURCE—The source resistance rate and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each non-source cell, and travel back to the input source.
If you select the String
option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to
all sources.
If you select the Field
option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the
direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string
FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.
Cost Connectivity
How to use Cost Connectivity Tool in Arc Toolbox??
 |
| Cost Connectivity |
Path to access the tool
:
Cost
Connectivity Tool, Distance Toolset,
Spatial Analyst Tools Toolbox
Cost Connectivity
Produces the least-cost connectivity network between two or more input regions.
1. Input raster or features region data
The input regions that
are to be connected by the least-cost network.
Regions can be defined
by either a raster or a feature dataset.
If the region input is a
raster, the regions are defined by groups of contiguous (adjacent) cells of the
same value. Each region must be uniquely numbered. The cells that are not part
of any region must be NoData. The raster type must be integer, and the values
can be either positive or negative.
If the region input is a
feature dataset, it can be either polygons, lines, or points. Polygon feature
regions cannot be composed of multipart polygons.
2. Input cost raster
A raster defining the
impedance or cost to move planimetrically through each cell.
The value at each cell
location represents the cost-per-unit distance for moving through the cell.
Each cell location value is multiplied by the cell resolution while also compensating
for diagonal movement to obtain the total cost of passing through the cell.
The values of the cost
raster can be integer or floating point, but they cannot be negative or zero
(you cannot have a negative or zero cost).
3. Output feature class
The output polyline
feature class of the optimum (least-cost) network of paths necessary to connect
each of the input regions.
Each path (or line) is uniquely numbered, and additional fields in the attribute table store specific information about the path. Those fields include the following:
- PATHID—Unique identifier for the path
- PATHCOST—Total accumulative cost for the path
- REGION1—The first region the path connects
- REGION2—The other region the path connects
This information
provides you insight into the paths within the network.
Since each path is
represented by a unique line, there will be multiple lines in locations where
paths travel the same route.
4. Output feature class of neighboring connections (optional)
The output polyline
feature class identifying all paths from each region to each of its
closest-cost neighbors.
Each path (or line) is uniquely numbered, and additional fields in the attribute table store specific information about the path. Those fields include the following:
- PATHID—Unique identifier for the path
- PATHCOST—Total accumulative cost for the path
- REGION1—The first region the path connects
- REGION2—The other region the path connects
This information
provides you insight into the paths within the network and is particularly
useful when deciding which paths should be removed if necessary.
Since each path is
represented by a unique line, there will be multiple lines in locations where
paths travel the same route.
Cost Distance
How to use Cost Distance Tool in Arc Toolbox??
 |
| Cost Distance |
Path to access the tool
:
Cost
Distance Tool, Distance Toolset, Spatial
Analyst Tools Toolbox
Cost Distance
Calculates the least
accumulative cost distance for each cell from or to the least-cost source over
a cost surface.
1. Input raster or feature source data
The input source
locations.
This is a raster or
feature dataset that identifies the cells or locations from or to which the
least accumulated cost distance for every output cell location is calculated.
For rasters, the input
type can be integer or floating point.
2. Input cost raster
A raster defining the
impedance or cost to move planimetrically through each cell.
The values of the cost
raster can be integer or floating point, but they cannot be negative or zero
(you cannot have a negative or zero cost).
3. Output distance raster
The output cost distance
raster.
The cost distance raster
identifies, for each cell, the least accumulative cost distance over a cost
surface to the identified source locations.
A source can be a cell,
a set of cells, or one or more feature locations.
The output raster is of
floating-point type.
4. Maximum distance (optional)
The threshold that the
accumulative cost values cannot exceed.
If an accumulative cost
distance value exceeds this value, the output value for the cell location will
be NoData. The maximum distance is the extent for which the accumulative cost
distances are calculated.
The default distance is
to the edge of the output raster.
5. Output backlink raster (optional)
The output cost backlink
raster.
The backlink raster
contains values 0 through 8, which define the direction or identify the next
neighboring cell (the succeeding cell) along the least accumulative cost path
from a cell to reach its least-cost source.
If the path is to pass
into the right neighbor, the cell will be assigned the value 1, 2 for the lower
right diagonal cell, and continue clockwise. The value 0 is reserved for source
cells.
6. Multiplier to apply to costs (optional)
The multiplier to apply
to the cost values.
This allows for control
of the mode of travel or the magnitude at a source. The greater the multiplier,
the greater the cost to move through each cell.
The values must be
greater than zero. The default is 1.
7. Start cost (optional)
The starting cost from
which to begin the cost calculations.
Allows for the
specification of the fixed cost associated with a source. Instead of starting
at a cost of zero, the cost algorithm will begin with the value set by Start
cost.
The values must be zero
or greater. The default is 0.
8. Accumulative cost resistance rate (optional)
This parameter simulates
the increase in the effort to overcome costs as the accumulative cost
increases. It is used to model fatigue of the traveler. The growing accumulative
cost to reach a cell is multiplied by the resistance rate and added to the cost
to move into the subsequent cell.
It is a modified version
of a compound interest rate formula that is used to calculate the apparent cost
of moving through a cell. As the value of the resistance rate increases, it
increases the cost of the cells that are visited later.
The greater the
resistance rate, the more additional cost is added to reach the next cell,
which is compounded for each subsequent movement. Since the resistance rate is
similar to a compound rate and generally the accumulative cost values are very
large, small resistance rates are suggested, such as 0.02, 0.005, or even
smaller, depending on the accumulative cost values.
The values must be zero
or greater. The default is 0.
9. Capacity (optional)
The cost capacity for
the traveler for a source.
The cost calculations
continue for each source until the specified capacity is reached.
The values must be
greater than zero. The default capacity is to the edge of the output raster.
10. Travel direction (optional)
Specifies the direction of the traveler when applying the source resistance rate and the source starting cost.
- FROM_SOURCE—The source resistance rate and source starting cost will be applied beginning at the input source, and travel out to the non-source cells. This is the default.
- TO_SOURCE—The source resistance rate and source starting cost will be applied beginning at each non-source cell, and travel back to the input source.
If you select the String
option, you can choose between from and to options, which will be applied to
all sources.
If you select the Field option, you can select the field from the source data that determines the direction to use for each source. The field must contain the text string FROM_SOURCE or TO_SOURCE.
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