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Surveying

simple definition

Surveying is an art by which a landmark is determined that has a location on the surface of the globe. When talking about a site, the site is also mentioned in relation to other surrounding sites. The boundaries of the site and the features and details it includes are indicated by determining the measurements, whether two-dimensional or Three-dimensionality and after determination of the locations are projected on paper at a specific scale in addition to drawing idiomatic signs in the form of a map.

wider definition

And space can be defined more broadly than what has been mentioned, it is a science and art through which research is carried out in different ways to represent the surface of the globe and the natural and human-made manifestations and landmarks on it. of the scanning process.

Why is surveying the foundation?

Survey work is the first basis for all engineering projects of all kinds, including road projects, land surveying, urbanization projects, and the establishment of new neighbourhoods. Surveying is one of the most accurate engineering works because surveying is the basis for the work of the engineer in general and the civil engineer or surveyor in particular.

military Surveying  

In the military field, too, there is a great need for surveying and the data that the armies need in all their military operations, preparing plans and determining the required locations. This field is very broad and needs a specialist in that.

Surveying and land

Through surveying, the land is settled and disputes are resolved between plots of land. Each surveyor or engineer has full knowledge in resolving land disputes and reaching solutions that satisfy all persons, also when preparing detailed maps of plots of land. These maps contribute to the survey operations of dividing and standardizing plots and deductions Including streets and for the purposes of buying and selling and registering property.

Road field

There are many factors and scientific foundations on which any project is based in choosing the appropriate methods in which the survey work is concerned, based on the goal to be achieved, and obtaining the data necessary to reach accuracy and quality, at the lowest costs, and the least effort and time, in addition to solving various problems in the road sector, whether major or subsidiary and in order to achieve spatial adjustment in the construction of roads, it depends on the expertise and equipment to perform the various survey operations.

Surveying and mapping

The area plan, which is made at a great price or cost, is created with effort and money because the map was created for very important purposes that are included in projects, works and studies that have a role in the success of all projects and also taken by the courts as a basic document in ruling in any case, through the map the geographer is interested in many of his works and studies.

The beginning of a surveying

The history of this wonderful science dates back to about 1400 BC in many regions of the world, through which the lands were previously divided into pieces for the purpose of striking. Heron (120 BC) is considered the first pioneer of this science, especially when entering the mathematical sciences into the art of surveying. As for the geodesic survey, The minute that takes into account the sphericity of the Earth began in 230 BC.

I divide the Surveying  

This science is divided into three main sections, each of which differs from the other, through the lifting methods used by each section and through the cadastral rules and laws, as well as the methods of map production:

First: the Surveying  area:

a. Geodetic Surveying:

• Many people call it the high-end space because through it the survey devices are adopted in accuracy and complex calculations. This type of space is concerned with determining the locations and heights of clear points on the surface of the earth, taking into account the true shape of the Earth and its natural or atmospheric characteristics that may be affected by the output results.
• And through which geodetic networks are also established.

These points, which have been located and called the points of the triangles, are considered the first basis of the planar space, in any place in the world, if there was no space before, a geodesic space must be created, through which the place is divided into a network of triangles with long sides that can be Their height reaches 80 kilometres, sometimes they are called triangles of the first degree, and these large triangles are divided into smaller and smaller triangles until the length of the sides is between one kilo and five kilometres. In this case, they are called triangles of the fifth degree, and they are sometimes called traverse triangles.

What the surveyor or surveying engineers do by raising the various features in this small triangle, the fifth degree is called the normal topographic area.

B. Plane surveying:

Through it, the methods of raising areas of small areas and signing them on maps can neglect the sphericity of the earth. This is not considered an error due to the small area of ​​the area. In this type, the area is divided into two branches:

1. Topographical Surveying:

The purpose of this space is to draw maps of the relatively wide areas and to show what the area contains natural features such as mountains, rivers and people such as transportation lines and cities and their centers, as well as through which the heights and depressions of the surface of the earth are shown so that the level of any area is known, and then the contour lines are taken out for easy exploration. This small area.

These maps are drawn at a scale between 1:25,000 and 1:10,000

The most important uses of this type:

1. Preliminary studies for any project
2. Planning Studies
3. Geological and geographical studies
4. military field
5. The basis for creating larger-scale maps (detailed maps)

2. Cadastral Surveying:

The purpose of this space is to draw maps at a scale greater than the topographical area, and the reason is to show the features in the topographic maps more to be detailed and clarified, so that they show the boundaries of buildings, streets, real estate and agricultural properties and other landmarks, the scale of drawing in these maps may be up to 1: 500, 1:1000, 1:2500, 1:5000

The most important uses of this type:

1. Determining and linking taxes on property and land
2. Buying, selling and registering real estate
3. Land settlement and engineering projects

Second: Photogrammetry:

This branch is considered a modern field of surveying, through which aerial photography is used by planes, and recently also a small drone. Through this space, aerial photographs and complex geographical treatments are collected to reach outputs according to the goal so that they give us distances and measurements as close as possible to reality.

It has another name which is Arial Photogrammetry.

This aerial survey is the only way to create maps of regions and large areas that cannot be accessed according to the geographical nature, such as large areas in deserts, large lands with steep mountain slopes, or swamps, as these areas are difficult to land space or, for example, the costs of land space are expensive. very.

Among the most important uses of this type of Surveying:

1. Military operations and wars to provide the army with maps, data, and identification of targets.
2. Site maps of large engineering projects.
3. Create topographic maps with small contour intervals that may reach 20 centimetres in the case of flat land.
4. Prediction (prediction) in the outcome of many natural disasters or air raids in the event of war.
5. Civil life Create geological maps, soil classification maps and vegetation cover through a lot of geographic information system (GIS) programs.
6. Aerial photographs give us a true picture of the Earth's surface, showing us all the landmarks, no matter how big or small, to facilitate such work, the most important of which is the ground survey.
7. Airspace is faster in terms of time and more effort in producing maps and large areas of the Earth's surface.

Third: Marine Surveying:

This branch of surveying is concerned with the production of marine maps, to show the nature of the situation with the data in areas covered by water such as seas, oceans, bays, lakes, rivers, and others.

The most iant uses of this branch of surveying:

1. Use in Maritime Navigation Therefore, most of the marine surveys are in the areas that ships traverse.
2. Marine surveys for the purpose of research and scientific studies.
3. Show the topography of the depths of the highs and lows under the surface of the water, taking into account the movement of tides.
4. The accuracy of the coastal strip's shape and the natural and human features it contains that can be used as signs to guide ships.